Conditional Statement Strategies for Code Obfuscation

Conditional Statement Strategies for Code Obfuscation Chandan Kumar Behera, Pawan Kumar, D. Lalitha Bhaskari Abstract Obfuscated code syntax has been set intentionally unclear. Different obfuscation techniques may have different impacts on the source code. In the presented paper, the ‘if condition’ has been used several times with the purpose to make the code obfuscated one, but in the mean time, the code should look like very simple. The idea behind this concept is to make feel the reader a simple code and ignore the code basically as it looks straightforward. Keywords: Software code protection, code obfuscation, conditional statements, malicious code Introduction Software protection is increasingly becoming an important requirement for software development according to industry. The software protection problem is fundamentally harder than other security problems. When one has the adversary for full access to the chosen software or hardware and can examine, or modify it, then no piece of software can be protected for the long period of time. An example of very common form of protection against reverse engineering attacks is obfuscation, which modifies a program to make it harder for the adversary to understand or analyse. At the beginning this techniques is developed for automatically creating multiple transformations of same program, by that each version will be difficult to analyse and modify for some more time. That means code obfuscation makes it more laborious and troublesome for understanding completely, because of that it will be not advisable to go for code tampering. The technique obfuscation helps for manipulating source code to make it harder to analyze and more difficult to understand for the attacker. Obfuscation is a common technique used to protect software against malicious reverse engineering. This approach could focus on changing a specific aspect of the code (e.g., complexity). But, the aim of code obfuscation is to prevent malicious users by disclosing the properties of the original source program. Typical code obfuscation techniques include splitting of codes into smaller pieces, merging pieces of unrelated codes, randomizing the code placement, mangling of data structures, field assignment, obfuscates the literal strings of a program, merging local integers, use of random Dead Codes, inserting dead variables, reordering of instructions, parameter reordering, transparent Branch Insertion, variable renaming, variable reassigning, aggressive methods renaming, renaming of registers, duplication of registers, promoting primitive registers, reorders the constants in the bytecode and assigns random keys to them, randomly marks all basic bytecode blocks in the program with either 0 or 1, array folding, array splitting, constant unfolding, Control flow obfuscation, flattening or introducing bogus control flow, breaking abstraction boundaries, false refactoring, mapping of bytecode instructions to source code line numbers, removal of local variable tables in the bytecode that store the local variable names in the source code, also various techniques using Opaque Predicates (Ex: branch insertion) etc. Some more techniques can be used in higher level languages, mostly in object oriented are splitting or merging of classes, finding of inner classes ( if available or not and then use obfuscation there even), new obfuscated names for methods and classes in a random fashion, encrypts class files and causes them to be decrypted at runtime, converting functions into inline methods at runtime, Interleave Methods by that will have the same signature, use of more methods having same names (overload names), takes a class and replaces all the fields with fields of the objects belong to the same class, converting the fields of a class to public, splits all of the non-static methods into a static method, open all the classes for modification, group the classes for modifying the original structure, selects a random method from the class or a random basic block from a method (i.e. a copy of the basic block will be created and some additional malicious code will be added in the new basic block, by which the values of local variable might be changed and the basic blocks will be bypassed from execution) etc. In this paper, the discussion is basically about the conditional statement. There are different ways of different obfuscation techniques by using conditions. Like, reversing the ‘if’ and ‘else’ conditions, using negation of the condition, introducing ‘if condition’ which will never true, breaking of the condition into nested. Conversion form ‘if- else if’ conditions to switch cases, etc. Proposed strategy Generally, use of conditional statements in a program is common. Mostly, for optimizing a program, the writers give the stress towards the loops. According to this thought the obfuscation also can be done on conditions, where ever it is used. Normally, after obfuscating a program, the code will be lengthier as well as difficult to understand. But, in the proposed logic, neither the code will be lengthier nor the code will look difficult to understand. Therefore, the malware witters may ignore the code. Actually the modified code will give some undesired result, by which may surprise the reader. Here, in place of â€Å"if else† or â€Å"if else if – else† conditions, we use several times the ‘if’ condition. In the proposed method if the use of ‘if conditions’ several times is replaced by ‘if- else or if-else if-else’ condition, then output will be totally different and the logic is going to change totally. Figure 1: Proposed code obfuscation logic by using ‘if condition’ several times In this paper, some proper fractions have been used for generating different patterns. Those patterns with bit wise represented and by rounding-off the values, sometimes the result will be undesirable. But, actually this is not at all undesirable, and properly calculated. So before execution of the code, it can be identified the condition which is going to be satisfied and with that the function, which is going to be executed. As the result is not undesirable and looks very simple, by and large readers may ignore the conditional statements with high percentage. The second concerned point is the repetition of patterns. As the remainder will be not zero, during the conversion of the proper fractional number into binary format, because of the infinite string of zero’s and ones. Obviously, the string will be getting a repetition of a kind of pattern. But, the visualization of the value in a variable is not possible, because of limited bytes are allowed to the variables. Fig. 2 Function execution for different values, while the fraction is 2/3 Fig. 3 Function execution for different values, while the fraction is 2/3 Because of the proper fraction, there are several repetitions of the pattern of 10 in case of rational number 2/3. Then we try to store that infinite value in a double variable and a float variable. After that the both numbers are compared. According to the result shown in the graph in figure 2, more than 88% of times functionC is executed. Here, for the values, functionC is not executing, to be uncovered. This concept can be used in several ways, like comparing two numbers or comparing a variable with a constant. Any type of program, if that consists of at least one condition is there, then that can be modified in the proposed method to obfuscate the program effortlessly. This strategy can be used in place of or with inserting some dead code or XOR operation or as well as doing some bit wise operations. In the above code, in figure 1, if the rational number 2/3 is replaced by 3/7, then the functionB will be not executed at all. The functionA will be called, when the value will be in between 1 to 2 or 27 to 31 or 251 to 255 and so on. Here the pattern is 001. i.e. the functionA executes, when the value will be with the range as follows: Fig. 4. Function execution for different values, while the fraction is 3/7 Similarly, if the proper fraction number 2/3 is replaced by 1/7, then the functionA will not execute. But, the functionB will be called, when the value will be from 3 to 7 or 59 to 63 or 507 to 511 and so on. Here, the pattern is 011. Fig. 5. Function execution for different values, while the fraction is 1/7 Conclusion Many times the code seems to be very simple and understandable, but actually not, and because of this, anybody can be confused more. This paper mostly discusses similar to that by using ‘if’ condition. In the paper, it is discussed about code obfuscation by using ‘if condition’ several times. Simply looking to the program, it is very difficult to guess that whether the program is obfuscated. Because, neither the size of the program increases nor the program looks difficult as compare to the original code. The use of several ‘if’ conditions is not at all looking different than that of ‘if –else if-else’ conditions. Most of the cases the values will be same. The important thing is when exactly the values will differ and if they differ, then which function is going to be executed. This need to be understood and bring into play in the code and the obfuscated code should give the desired output. There are several software engineer ing code techniques to measure the effect of code obfuscation, in terms of the complexity, the modularity and the size of obfuscated code. This methodology will not affect much in complexity or in size of the code. Even the original code and the obfuscated one will be not having much difference according to the modularity. This proposed obfuscation scheme may not be able to satisfy any strong definition of obfuscation, but the combination with any other obfuscation techniques to the same program, can go for a much better result. References The Effectiveness of Source Code Obfuscation: an Experimental Assessment, Mariano Ceccato, Massimiliano Di Penta, Jasvir Nagra,, Paolo Falcarin, In Proceedings of the17th IEEE International Conference on Program Comprehension (ICPC 2009),Vancouver, Canada, 17-19 May 2009.IEEE, pp-178-187, A Large Study on the Effect of Code Obfuscation on the Quality of Java Code, Mariano Ceccato, Andrea Capiluppi, Paolo Falcarin, Cornelia Boldyreff. Empirical Software Engineering, Springer, Towards experimental evaluation of code obfuscation techniques, Mariano Ceccato, Massimiliano Di Penta, Jasvir Nagra, Paolo Falcarin, Filippo Ricca, Marco Torchiano and Paolo Tonella..InQoP `08: Proceedings of the 4th ACM workshop on Quality of protection,Alexandria (Virginia), USA, 27 October 2008. ACM pp. 39-46 (2008). A family of experiments to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of source code obfuscation techniques, Mariano Ceccato,Massimiliano Di Penta,Paolo Falcarin,Filippo Ricca,Marco Torchiano,Paolo Tonella, Empirical Software Engineering, August 2014,Volume 19,Issue 4,pp 1040-1074 A New Code Obfuscation Scheme for Software Protection, 8th International Symposium on Service Oriented System Engineering (SOSE), 2014, Oxford, IEEExplorer, pp 409 – 414, DOI:10.1109/SOSE.2014.57 A taxonomy of obfuscating transformations , Collberg C, Thomborson C, Low D (1997). Technical Report 148, Dept. of Computer Science, The Univ. of Auckland Protecting software code by guards. Chang H, Atallah M (2002) In: ACM workshop on security and privacy in digital rights management. ACM Program obfuscation: a quantitative approach., Anckaert B, Madou M, Sutter BD, Bus BD, Bosschere KD, Preneel B (2007) In: QoP ’07: Proc. of the 2007 ACM workshop on quality of protection, ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp 15–20. doi:10.1145/1314257.1314263 Locating features in source code. Eisenbarth T, Koschke R, Simon D (2003) IEEE Trans Softw Eng 29(3):195–209 Deobfuscation: reverse engineering obfuscated code, Udupa S, Debray S, Madou M (2005). In: 12th working conference on reverse engineering. doi:10.1109/WCRE.2005.13 Obfuscated Malicious Code Detection with Path Condition Analysis, Wenqing Fan, Xue Lei, Jing An, Journal of Networks, Vol 9, No 5, May 2014, doi:10.4304/jnw.9.5.1208-1214 Static analysis of executables to detect malicious patterns, M. Christodorescu and S. Jha, In Proceedings of the 12th conference on USENIX Security Symposium Volume 12, Berkeley, CA, USA, 2003, pp. 12–12. Software protection technology research based on code obfuscation, Song Yaqi, Northwestern University, 2005 Hong Luo, Jiang Jianqin, Zeng Qingkai. Code obfuscation techniques based on software protection, Computer Engineering, 2006, Vol 32 No. 11 A. Balakrishnan and C. Schulze,†Code Obfuscation: Literature Survey†, Technical report, Computer Science Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA, 2005. B. Anckaert, M. Madou, B. D. Sutter, B. D. Bus, K. D. Bosschere, and B. Preneel. †Program obfuscation: a quantitative approach†, In QoP ’07: Proc. of the 2007 ACM Workshop on Quality of protection, pages 15-20, New York, NY, USA,2007. ACM. Intellectual property protection using obfuscation, S. Drape et al. Proceedings of SAS 2009, 4779:133–144, 2009

A Comparison of Two Paintings from the Renaissance Period Essay

A Comparison of Two Paintings from the Renaissance Period Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This paper will compare the themes found in the paintings â€Å"Madonna and Child with St. John the Baptist and an Angel† by Domenico di Bartolomeo Ubaldini (Puligo) and â€Å"Madonna Enthroned† by Giotto. Both paintings deal with fables from the Christian faith but were executed during different periods in art. The Giotto painting was created around 1310 and the Puglio painting was executed between 1518 – 1520. Here, these two paintings have similar themes both at the extreme beginnings and endings of the Italian Renaissance, and as such they serve to present an exceptional example of the developments in art that occurred within that time. This paper shall compare these two paintings through addressing a series of questions on the subject. Subject Matter or Iconography   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Madonna Enthroned† is the earlier of the two works to be surveyed in this paper, and as such there is a great deal more popularity surrounding this work. The image is simple: The subject matter is religious and concerns a host of holy figures surrounding the Madonna with an infant figure of Christ on her lap. â€Å"Madonna and Child with St. John the Baptist and Angel† is similar in that other holy figures are gathered to pay their respects to Christ but the scene is more open and less focused on just the two central figures. â€Å"Madonna and Child†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in my opinion is therefore a more complex composition, where instead of having two recogn...

Part Four Chapter V

V Shirley Mollison was convinced that her husband and son were over-stating the danger to the council of leaving the Ghost's posts online. She could not see how the messages were worse than gossip, and that, she knew, was not yet punishable by law; nor did she believe that the law would be foolish and unreasonable enough to punish her for what somebody else had written: that would be monstrously unfair. Proud as she was of Miles' law degree, she was sure that he must have this bit wrong. She was checking the message boards even more frequently than Miles and Howard had advised, but not because she was afraid of legal consequences. Certain as she was that Barry Fairbrother's Ghost had not yet finished his self-appointed task of crushing the pro-Fielders, she was eager to be the first to set eyes on his next post. Several times a day she scurried into Patricia's old room, and clicked on the web page. Sometimes a little frisson would run through her while she was hoovering or peeling potatoes and she would race to the study, only to be disappointed again. Shirley felt a special, secret kinship with the Ghost. He had chosen her website as the forum where he would expose the hypocrisy of Howard's opponents, and this, she felt, entitled her to the pride of the naturalist who has constructed a habitat in which a rare species deigns to nest. But there was more to it than that. Shirley relished the Ghost's anger, his savagery and his audacity. She wondered who he might be, visualizing a strong, shadowy man standing behind herself and Howard, on their side, cutting a path for them through the opponents who crumpled as he slayed them with their own ugly truths. Somehow, none of the men in Pagford seemed worthy to be the Ghost; she would have felt disappointed to learn that it was any of the anti-Fielders she knew. ‘That's if it's a man,' said Maureen. ‘Good point,' said Howard. ‘I think it's a man,' said Shirley coolly. When Howard left for the cafe on Sunday morning, Shirley, still in her dressing gown, and holding her cup of tea, padded automatically to the study and brought up the website. Fantasies of a Deputy Headmaster posted by The_Ghost_of_Barry_Fairbrother. She set down her tea with trembling hands, clicked on the post and read it, open-mouthed. Then she ran to the lounge, seized the telephone and called the cafe, but the number was engaged. A mere five minutes later, Parminder Jawanda, who had also developed a habit of looking at the council message boards much more frequently than usual, opened up the site and saw the post. Like Shirley, her immediate reaction was to seize a telephone. The Walls were breakfasting without their son, who was still asleep upstairs. When Tessa picked up, Parminder cut across her friend's greeting. ‘There's a post about Colin on the council website. Don't let him see it, whatever you do.' Tessa's frightened eyes swivelled to her husband, but he was a mere three feet from the receiver and had already heard every word that Parminder had spoken so loudly and clearly. ‘I'll call you back,' said Tessa urgently. ‘Colin,' she said, fumbling to replace the receiver, ‘Colin, wait – ‘ But he had already stalked out of the room, bobbing up and down, his arms stiff by his side, and Tessa had to jog to catch him up. ‘Perhaps it's better not to look,' she urged him, as his big, knobble-knuckled hand moved the mouse across the desk, ‘or I can read it and – ‘ Fantasies of a Deputy Headmaster One of the men hoping to represent the community at Parish Council level is Colin Wall, Deputy Headmaster at Winterdown Comprehensive School. Voters might be interested to know that Wall, a strict disciplinarian, has a very unusual fantasy life. Mr Wall is so frightened that a pupil might accuse him of inappropriate sexual behaviour that he has often needed time off work to calm himself down again. Whether Mr Wall has actually fondled a first year, the Ghost can only guess. The fervour of his feverish fantasies suggests that, even if he hasn't, he would like to. Stuart wrote that, thought Tessa, at once. Colin's face was ghastly in the light pouring out of the monitor. It was how she imagined he would look if he had had a stroke. ‘Colin – ‘ ‘I suppose Fiona Shawcross has told people,' he whispered. The catastrophe he had always feared was upon him. It was the end of everything. He had always imagined taking sleeping tablets. He wondered whether they had enough in the house. Tessa, who had been momentarily thrown by the mention of the headmistress, said, ‘Fiona wouldn't – anyway, she doesn't know – ‘ ‘She knows I've got OCD.' ‘Yes, but she doesn't know what you – what you're afraid of – ‘ ‘She does,' said Colin. ‘I told her, before the last time I needed sick leave.' ‘Why?' Tessa burst out. ‘What on earth did you tell her for?' ‘I wanted to explain why it was so important I had time off,' said Colin, almost humbly. ‘I thought she needed to know how serious it was.' Tessa fought down a powerful desire to shout at him. The tinge of distaste with which Fiona treated him and talked about him was explained; Tessa had never liked her, always thought her hard and unsympathetic. ‘Be that as it may,' she said, ‘I don't think Fiona's got anything to do – ‘ ‘Not directly,' said Colin, pressing a trembling hand to his sweating upper lip. ‘But Mollison's heard gossip from somewhere.' It wasn't Mollison. Stuart wrote that, I know he did. Tessa recognized her son in every line. She was even astonished that Colin could not see it, that he had not connected the message with yesterday's row, with hitting his son. He couldn't even resist a bit of alliteration. He must have done all of them – Simon Price. Parminder. Tessa was horror-struck. But Colin was not thinking about Stuart. He was recalling thoughts that were as vivid as memories, as sensory impressions, violent, vile ideas: a hand seizing and squeezing as he passed through densely packed young bodies; a cry of pain, a child's face contorted. And then asking himself, again and again: had he done it? Had he enjoyed it? He could not remember. He only knew that he kept thinking about it, seeing it happen, feeling it happen. Soft flesh through a thin cotton blouse; seize, squeeze, pain and shock; a violation. How many times? He did not know. He had spent hours wondering how many of the children knew he did it, whether they had spoken to each other, how long it would be until he was exposed. Not knowing how many times he had offended, and unable to trust himself, he burdened himself with so many papers and files that he had no hands free to attack as he moved through the corridors. He shouted at the swarming children to get out of the way, to stand clear, as he passed. None of it helped. There were always stragglers, running past him, up against him, and with his hands burdened he imagined other ways to have improper contact with them: a swiftly repositioned elbow brushing against a breast; a side-step to ensure bodily contact; a leg accidentally entangled, so that the child's groin made contact with his flesh. ‘Colin,' said Tessa. But he had started to cry again, great sobs shaking his big, ungainly body, and when she put her arms around him and pressed her face to his her own tears wet his skin. A few miles away, in Hilltop House, Simon Price was sitting at a brand-new family computer in the sitting room. Watching Andrew cycle away to his weekend job with Howard Mollison, and the reflection that he had been forced to pay full market price for this computer, made him feel irritable and additionally hard done by. Simon had not looked at the Parish Council website once since the night that he had thrown out the stolen PC, but it occurred to him, by an association of ideas, to check whether the message that had cost him his job was still on the site and thus viewable by potential employers. It was not. Simon did not know that he owed this to his wife, because Ruth was scared of admitting that she had telephoned Shirley, even to request the removal of the post. Slightly cheered by its absence, Simon looked for the post about Parminder, but that was gone too. He was about to close the site, when he saw the newest post, which was entitled Fantasies of a Deputy Headmaster. He read it through twice and then, alone in the sitting room, he began to laugh. It was a savage triumphant laugh. He had never taken to that big, bobbing man with his massive forehead. It was good to know that he, Simon, had got off very lightly indeed by comparison. Ruth came into the room, smiling timidly; she was glad to hear Simon laughing, because he had been in a dreadful mood since losing his job. ‘What's funny?' ‘You know Fats' old man? Wall, the deputy headmaster? He's only a bloody paedo.' Ruth's smile slipped. She hurried forward to read the post. ‘I'm going to shower,' said Simon, in high good humour. Ruth waited until he had left the room before trying to call her friend Shirley, and alert her to this new scandal, but the Mollisons' telephone was engaged. Shirley had, at last, reached Howard at the delicatessen. She was still in her dressing gown; he was pacing up and down the little back room, behind the counter. ‘†¦ been trying to get you for ages – ‘ ‘Mo was using the phone. What did it say? Slowly.' Shirley read the message about Colin, enunciating like a newsreader. She had not reached the end, when he cut across her. ‘Did you copy this down or something?' ‘Sorry?' she said. ‘Are you reading it off the screen? Is it still on there? Have you taken it off?' ‘I'm dealing with it now,' lied Shirley, unnerved. ‘I thought you'd like to – ‘ ‘Get it off there now! God above, Shirley, this is getting out of hand – we can't have stuff like that on there!' ‘I just thought you ought to – ‘ ‘Make sure you've got rid of it, and we'll talk about it when I get home!' Howard shouted. Shirley was furious: they never raised their voices to each other.

The Romantic Age vs. The Victorian Period Essay - 1264 Words

The Romantic Age and Victorian Period had many similarities, but they had just as many or more differences. They first differed in rule; the Romantic Age didnt have a king or queen, but they did during the Victorian Period. They were similar and different in writing styles, and beliefs. The Industrial Revolution also had a huge effect on both time periods. The Romantic Period was from 1784 until 1832, it brought a more brave, individual, and imaginative approach to both literature and life. During this time the individual became more important than society. Individualism became the center of the Romantic vision (Pfordresher, 423). The Romantic Age in England was a movement that affected all the countries of Western Europe. Romanticism†¦show more content†¦Queen Victoria reigned for 63 years, 1837-1901, the longest in English history. Victorian England was mighty, and its empire circled the globe (Fuller, 284). During her reign, Britain emerged as the worlds primary industria l nation. Many people were critical of the society in which they lived (Fuller, 284). Nine-tenth century England became the first modern and industrial nation. During Victorias reign great economic, social, and political changes occurred in Britain (Merritt, 320). Pfordresher said that It ruled the most widespread empire in world history, embracing all of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, Pakistan, and many smaller countries in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean. (Pfordresher, 543). England then started to become unstable and survival seemed doubtful. An English version of the French Revolution seemed dangerously close. The number of people doubled in England between 1801 and 1850. Like the Romantic Age, the population shifted from rural areas to the newly industrialized cities (Pfordresher, 544). The Victorian years did bring increasing efforts to achieve political, social, and economic reforms to meet the changes created by industrialization, said by Pfordresher (Pfordresher, 54 5). 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